NCTF 135 HA Near Merstham, Surrey

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Geology of NCTF 135 HA near Merstham, Surrey

Glacial Deposits and Moraines

The geology of the NCTF 135 HA site near Merstham, Surrey, provides valuable insights into the region’s glacial history and deposits.

NCTF 135 HA is situated within a region that was heavily glaciated during the Last Ice Age (c. 110,000 – 10,000 years ago). The site is located in an area where the West Sussex Plains meet the Weald, an ancient forested region. The combination of these two geological features has resulted in a complex glacial landscape with a variety of deposits and landforms.

Geologically, the NCTF 135 HA site is underlain by a series of glacial deposits that date back to the Devensian stage (c. 80,000 – 40,000 years ago). These deposits consist of:

• Gravel and sand from the last glacial maximum, which were transported by ice sheets and deposited in terminal moraines.
• Fills and drifts from earlier glaciations, including the Eemian and Elster stages.
• Drifts and fills from interglacial periods, such as the Hoxnian interglacial (c. 450,000 – 300,000 years ago).

One of the most distinctive features of the glacial landscape in this region is the presence of moraines. Moraines are ridges or hills formed from accumulated glacial debris, such as rocks and soil. There are several types of moraine in this area, including:

• Frost moraines: These form when meltwater freezes onto the surface of glacial deposits, creating a hard crust that eventually becomes separated from the underlying material.
• Drumlins: These are elongated, teardrop-shaped hills formed by the erosion and transport of glacial debris by ice streams.

Some notable moraines in this region include the:

• The Merstham Moraine, which forms the northern boundary of the Weald and is composed of a mix of gravel and sand from the last glacial maximum.
• The Boxgrove Moraine, which lies to the southwest of the NCTF 135 HA site and consists of a series of drumlins and moraines formed by earlier glaciations.

Other notable geological features in the area include:

• The River Mole, which flows through the site and has cut through underlying glacial deposits to form a river valley.
• The Surrey Downs, a range of hills that forms the northern boundary of the Weald and is composed of chalk bedrock underlain by glacial deposits.

The geology of NCTF 135 HA provides valuable information for understanding the history of this region and has important implications for various fields, including archaeology, ecology, and engineering. It also serves as a reminder of the complex and dynamic nature of the Earth’s surface, shaped by thousands of years of glacial activity.

Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) Impact

The Geology of NCTF 135 HA near Merstham, Surrey, is a complex and fascinating topic that involves understanding the geological history of the area during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) period.

NCTF 135 HA refers to a specific site near Merstham in Surrey, which has been identified as a potential impact crater or shock metamorphic zone resulting from an extraterrestrial impact event.

The LGM was a period of significant glacial activity that occurred around 26,500 years ago. During this time, much of the world’s water was locked up in ice sheets and glaciers, causing sea levels to be significantly lower than they are today. This had a profound impact on the Earth’s surface, including the formation of new landforms and changes in ocean currents.

Research has shown that the NCTF 135 HA site is located within a region that was affected by the LGM impact event. The area is characterized by a distinctive geological feature known as the “Merstham Hills,” which are composed of a mixture of volcanic and sedimentary rocks.

The Merstham Hills were formed as a result of volcanic activity during the LGM, with numerous lava flows and ash deposits creating a unique landscape. However, it is believed that the impact event had a profound effect on this region, causing massive shock metamorphism and potentially even forming a crater.

Some researchers have suggested that the NCTF 135 HA site may be of meteoritic origin, with evidence suggesting that the area was impacted by an extraterrestrial object. This theory is based on a range of geological features, including:

• High shock metamorphism: The rocks at the NCTF 135 HA site show signs of being subjected to extremely high pressures, indicating that they were affected by an impact event.
• Impact breccias: The area is characterized by a distinctive type of rock known as “impact breccia,” which is composed of fragments of shocked quartz and other minerals.
• Shocked quartz grains: Many quartz grains at the site show signs of being deformed by shock waves, indicating that they were subjected to extremely high pressures.

The presence of these features suggests that the NCTF 135 HA site may be of meteoritic origin, with the impact event causing a massive crater or shock metamorphic zone in the area. However, further research is needed to confirm this theory and fully understand the geological history of the site.

Studies of the geology of the NCTF 135 HA site have also provided valuable insights into the processes that shaped the region during the LGM period. For example:

• Volcanic activity: The Merstham Hills are composed of a mixture of volcanic rocks, including basalts and andesites. This suggests that the area was volcanically active during the LGM.
• Glacial erosion: The site has been shaped by glacial erosion, with the ice sheet causing significant changes to the landscape.

In conclusion, the geology of NCTF 135 HA near Merstham, Surrey, provides a fascinating window into the geological history of the area during the LGM period. Further research is needed to fully understand the processes that shaped this region and to confirm the theory that the site may be of meteoritic origin.

The area around Merstham, Surrey was affected by the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), a period of maximum ice sheet coverage in the Northern Hemisphere.

The area around Merstham, Surrey was significantly impacted by the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), a period of maximum ice sheet coverage in the Northern Hemisphere that occurred approximately 20,000 to 15,000 years ago.

During this time, large swathes of the British Isles were covered in ice sheets, glaciers, and drumlins. The LGM had a profound effect on the geology of the region, shaping the landscape into its current form.

In the case of NCTF 135 HA near Merstham, Surrey, the geological history can be broken down into several key periods:

1. Pre-glacial period: The area around Merstham was initially composed of a series of hills and valleys carved out by ancient rivers and streams. The underlying bedrock was primarily made up of Jurassic-era limestone, chalk, and sandstone.
2. LGM glacial period: As the ice sheets advanced across the region, they scoured out large areas of land, creating U-shaped valleys and glacial lakes. The ice sheet itself was composed of a mix of water, ice, and sediment, which was deposited in layers as it moved.
3. Drumlins formation: As the glacier advanced, it picked up rocks and soil, which were then transported and deposited in a new location, often forming long, sinuous ridges known as drumlins. These features can be seen throughout the Merstham area, and are a testament to the region’s glacial history.
4. Post-glacial period: As the ice sheets retreated, the landscape was reshaped by meltwater rivers and streams. These watercourses carved out new valleys and created the network of lakes and wetlands that can still be seen today in the area around NCTF 135 HA.
5. Modern geology: The modern geology of the area is characterized by a mix of glacial deposits, including till, outwash, and drumlinic features. These deposits have been eroded over time, exposing underlying bedrock that dates back to the Jurassic era.

The geological history of NCTF 135 HA near Merstham, Surrey is a complex one, reflecting the many changes that occurred in the region during the LGM and its aftermath. Understanding this history provides valuable insights into the formation of the modern landscape, and sheds light on the events that shaped our planet over millions of years.

Key geological features to look out for in the area include:

1. Drumlins: These long, sinuous ridges are formed by the deposition of rocks and soil as a glacier moves. They can be seen throughout the Merstham area, often in clusters or “drumlins fields.”

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2. Till deposits: These deposits are made up of a mix of rocks, soil, and other sediment that have been transported and deposited by glaciers. They can provide valuable information about the movement of ice sheets through the region.
3. Glacial lakes: The area around NCTF 135 HA still contains several glacial lakes, which were formed as meltwater rivers and streams carved out new valleys over time. These lakes are an important part of the local hydrology.
4. Jurassic-era bedrock: In areas where the glacial deposits have been eroded, underlying bedrock from the Jurassic era can be exposed. This provides a glimpse into the region’s geological past.

Bedrock Geology and Landforms

The geology of NCTF 135 HA near Merstham, Surrey, is characterized by a complex mix of bedrock geologies from the Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic eras.

The area under consideration falls within the Chertsey Sandstone Group (CSG), which covers much of western Surrey and parts of Buckinghamshire. The CSG is a lithological unit comprising sandstones, conglomerates, and clays that were deposited during the early Jurassic period, approximately 170-165 million years ago.

Underlying the CSG is a thick sequence of Lower Chalk (LCS) claystones, which are believed to have been deposited during the late Early Cretaceous period, around 145 million years ago. The LCS is characterized by its fine-grained texture and distinctive biogenic structures, such as shells and skeletons of marine organisms.

Beneath the LCS lies a bedrock complex comprising older Paleozoic rocks, including the Chertsey Shale (CS), which dates back to the Silurian period, approximately 420 million years ago. The CS is a sequence of black shales and limestones that were deposited in a shallow marine environment.

Further down the geological succession lies the Reading Pragmites Formation, a group of Jurassic-era sediments that consist mainly of sandstones, marls, and shales. This unit is thought to have been deposited during the middle to late Jurassic period, around 175-160 million years ago.

In addition to these bedrock geologies, the NCTF 135 HA area also includes various landforms that have been shaped by a combination of tectonic and erosional processes over millions of years. These include hills, valleys, and streams, which have been carved out from the underlying bedrock by the forces of weathering and water.

The Merstham area itself is part of a larger geomorphic feature known as the Chobham Common escarpment, which marks the northern edge of the North Downs sandstone ridge. This escarpment is characterized by steep slopes and cliffs, which have been formed through the combination of tectonic uplift and erosion.

The landforms in this area can be broadly classified into two main types: those that are directly related to the bedrock geology, such as hills and valleys formed from the CSG and LCS, and those that are the result of more recent geological processes, such as glacial erosion and deposition during the last ice age.

The former type of landform is characterized by features such as chalk tors (steep-sided hills) and flint ridges (long, narrow ridges composed of flint gravel). These landforms have been formed through the combination of weathering, erosion, and redeposition of the underlying bedrock materials.

The latter type of landform is characterized by features such as glacial valleys, drumlins, and moraines. These landforms are thought to have been created during the last ice age, when glaciers advanced and retreated through the area.

Examples of these glacial landforms in the NCTF 135 HA area include the River Wey valley, which is a classic example of an abandoned river valley formed by glacial erosion. The valley floor is composed of clay, silt, and sand, deposited by meltwater flows during the ice age.

Additionally, the area around Merstham includes several drumlins, which are elongated hills that have been formed through the movement of ice sheets. These features can be found scattered throughout the landscape, often aligned in a roughly north-south direction.

The moraines present in this area are typically composed of unsorted glacial deposits, such as boulder clods and till (a mixture of sand, silt, and clay). These deposits have been formed through the accumulation and redeposition of rocks and soil by meltwater flows during the ice age.

Overall, the geology of NCTF 135 HA near Merstham, Surrey, is characterized by a complex mix of bedrock geologies from the Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic eras. The area includes various landforms that have been shaped by tectonic, erosional, and glacial processes over millions of years.

Arsiad Formation and Wealden Group

The NCTF 135 HA site located near Merstham, Surrey, presents a unique geological setting that offers insights into the geology of the region.

This site falls within the Ardiad Formation, a geological unit that dates back to the Triassic period, approximately 252-201 million years ago. The Ardiad Formation is a sedimentary sequence consisting of various rock types, including sandstones, siltstones, and conglomerates, which were deposited in a fluvial environment.

Geologically, the site is situated within the Wealden Group, a significant geological unit that covers much of southern England. The Wealden Group spans from the Early Jurassic to the Middle Cretaceous period, approximately 201-100 million years ago, and is characterized by a diverse range of rock types, including sandstones, limestones, and shales.

The NCTF 135 HA site specifically falls within the Upper Greensand Formation, a geological unit that dates back to the Early Cretaceous period, around 145-100 million years ago. This formation consists predominantly of cross-bedded sandstones, which were deposited in a fluvial-deltaic environment.

The stratigraphical sequence at the NCTF 135 HA site can be summarized as follows: Upper Greensand Formation > Lower Chalk Formation > Gault Clay > Oxford Clay > Kimmeridge Clay > Lower Jurassic Boreal limestone > Ardsley Group > Ardiad Formation.

The geology of the area has been shaped by tectonic activity, glaciation, and erosion over millions of years. The region has experienced numerous glacial cycles, with the most recent one occurring during the Pleistocene epoch, approximately 2.5 million to 11,700 years ago. This has resulted in the creation of a unique landscape with prominent hills, valleys, and stream systems.

Hydrogeological studies have shown that the site is situated near a confined aquifer system, which consists of permeable sandstones and gravel units. The primary source of groundwater for the region is recharge from the surface water bodies, including streams and rivers, which flow into the surrounding aquifers.

The stratigraphical sequence at the NCTF 135 HA site has implications for the exploration and extraction of hydrocarbons in the area. The presence of cross-bedded sandstones and conglomerates suggests that this formation may harbor significant hydrocarbon reservoirs.

Furthermore, the geology of the region provides valuable information for the construction of infrastructure projects, such as pipelines, roads, and buildings. A thorough understanding of the geological setting is essential to ensure the stability and structural integrity of these structures.

In conclusion, the geology of NCTF 135 HA near Merstham, Surrey, offers a rich and diverse range of geological features that provide insights into the regional geology. The Ardiad Formation and Wealden Group are significant units in this area, with implications for hydrocarbon exploration, groundwater studies, and infrastructure development.

The underlying bedrock geology consists of the Arsriad Formation, a series of sedimentary rocks deposited during the Jurassic period, and the Wealden Group, a sequence of Lower Cretaceous rocks.

The geology of NCTF 135 HA near Merstham, Surrey, is primarily composed of sedimentary rocks deposited during the Jurassic period, known as the Arsriad Formation.

This formation consists of a series of alternating mudstones, sandstones, and conglomerates, which were formed in a shallow marine environment.

The Arsriad Formation was deposited around 200 million years ago, during the Bajocian stage of the Middle Jurassic period.

The sedimentary rocks within this formation are characterized by a high level of bioturbation, indicating that they were rapidly buried and preserved.

In addition to the Arsriad Formation, the underlying bedrock geology also includes the Wealden Group, a sequence of Lower Cretaceous rocks deposited during the Early Cretaceous period.

The Wealden Group consists of a series of clays, silts, and sandstones, which were formed in a range of environments, including rivers, lakes, and coastal plains.

This group is characterized by a high level of volcanic activity, with numerous volcanoes having erupted during this period.

The Wealden Group also includes a number of evaporite deposits, including halite (rock salt) and gypsum, which were formed through the evaporation of ancient seas.

These rocks were deposited around 145 million years ago, during the Aalenian stage of the Early Cretaceous period.

The Wealden Group is a significant geological feature in southern England, and has been the subject of extensive research and study.

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The combination of sedimentary rocks from both the Arsriad Formation and Wealden Group provides valuable insights into the geological history of the area and the evolution of the British continent over millions of years.

Furthermore, the geology of NCTF 135 HA near Merstham, Surrey, has significant implications for understanding the hydrogeological characteristics of the area.

The presence of permeable sandstones within both formations can act as conduits for groundwater movement, while the impermeable clay units can trap water and affect its flow.

Understanding these geological processes is crucial for assessing the risk of flooding, groundwater pollution, and other environmental hazards in the area.

Land Use and Conservation

The NCTF 135 HA (National Council for Conservation of Rural England 135 Hectare site) near Merstham, Surrey, is a significant area of land that has been designated for conservation and land use planning purposes.

Geologically, the area is characterized by a mixture of chalk hills, clay vales, and sand and gravel deposits. The underlying geology is primarily composed of Lower Greensand, an ancient sedimentary rock formation dating back to the Cretaceous period, which has been eroded over time to form the characteristic rolling hills of the Surrey countryside.

The chalk hills in the area, including those at Merstham Common and the surrounding villages, are composed of Middle Chalk clays, which date back to around 125 million years ago. These clays have been heavily eroded by weathering processes, resulting in a landscape dominated by gentle slopes and valleys.

In terms of land use, the NCTF 135 HA has been designated as a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) due to its unique geology and biodiversity. The site is home to a wide range of flora and fauna, including several species of plants and animals that are found nowhere else in the country.

The land use on the NCTF 135 HA is primarily focused on conservation and nature reserve management. The site is used for various activities such as walking, birdwatching, and wildlife photography, which helps to promote public awareness and appreciation of the area’s natural resources.

Conservation efforts in the area are carried out by a range of organizations, including the Surrey Wildlife Trust and the Surrey County Council’s Conservation Team. These groups work together to protect and enhance the site’s habitats, control invasive species, and maintain public access facilities.

In addition to conservation, the NCTF 135 HA also has important economic and social benefits for local communities. The site attracts tourists and outdoor enthusiasts, generating revenue for local businesses and supporting jobs in the tourism sector.

However, the area also faces threats from development pressures, such as housing growth and infrastructure projects. These developments can lead to habitat loss and fragmentation, compromising the site’s conservation value and natural processes.

To mitigate these risks, there are ongoing efforts to balance economic development with environmental protection. This includes careful planning and consultation between landowners, local authorities, and conservation groups to ensure that any development proposals align with the site’s conservation objectives.

Overall, the NCTF 135 HA near Merstham, Surrey, is a unique and valuable area of natural heritage that requires ongoing conservation efforts to protect its geology, biodiversity, and ecological processes. By promoting responsible land use and management practices, we can ensure that this special site remains intact for future generations to enjoy.

National Trust and Surrey County Council Conservation Efforts

NCTF 135 HA, a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) located near Merstham, Surrey, is a unique geological feature that has been identified for its outstanding scientific value.

The geological history of NCTF 135 HA dates back to the Triassic period, approximately 250 million years ago. During this time, the area was part of a shallow sea that covered much of southern England. The sediments deposited in this sea were primarily composed of sand, silt, and clay, which would eventually form the basis of the landscape we see today.

As the sea receded, the sediments were subjected to erosion and weathering, leading to the formation of distinctive geological features such as chalk outcrops, flint concretions, and gravel pits. The chalk outcrops, in particular, are of great interest due to their age and unique composition.

The Chalk Group, which includes NCTF 135 HA, is a prominent geological formation that covers much of southern England. It consists of layers of chalk deposited during the Cretaceous period, approximately 100 million years ago. The chalk was formed from the remains of microscopic marine plankton, primarily coccolithophores and foraminifera, which are now found in the form of fossilized calcium carbonate.

The geological features within NCTF 135 HA are not only significant in their own right but also provide a unique window into the region’s geological history. The site includes a range of geological formations, including:

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• Chalk outcrops with distinctive flint concretions
• Gravel pits and alluvial deposits
• Cretaceous-age sandstones and conglomerates
• A layer of Eocene-age clay, known as the “Merstham Clay”

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The Merstham Clay is a distinctive geological formation that dates back to the early Eocene epoch, approximately 50 million years ago. It is characterized by its fine-grained texture and reddish-brown color, which is thought to have been formed from the compaction of sediments in a shallow sea.

National Trust Conservation Efforts

The National Trust has taken steps to conserve NCTF 135 HA for future generations. The trust works closely with Surrey County Council and other partners to protect the site from human impact and promote its scientific value. Some of the conservation efforts in place include:

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1. Restricting access to sensitive areas of the site
2. Implementing measures to prevent damage to geological features, such as chalk outcrops and flint concretions
3. Conducting regular surveys and monitoring to track changes in the site’s geology
4. Providing educational programs and public engagement activities to raise awareness of the site’s significance

Surrey County Council Conservation Efforts

Surrey County Council has also taken steps to conserve NCTF 135 HA. The council works closely with the National Trust and other partners to protect the site from human impact and promote its scientific value. Some of the conservation efforts in place include:

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1. Developing policies to manage development and land use in the area
2. Providing funding for research and conservation projects
3. Collaborating with stakeholders, including landowners and local communities, to promote the site’s scientific value
4. Maintaining paths and trails within the site to allow public access while minimizing impact on the geology

In conclusion, NCTF 135 HA near Merstham, Surrey is a unique geological feature that has been identified for its outstanding scientific value. The National Trust and Surrey County Council have taken steps to conserve this site for future generations, protecting it from human impact and promoting its significance for the benefit of all.

The National Trust and Surrey County Council have implemented conservation efforts to protect the area’s natural habitats and biodiversity, including the creation of nature reserves and habitat restoration schemes.

The NCTF 135 HA site, located near Merstham, Surrey, presents a unique geological landscape that showcases the complex stratigraphy and geomorphology of the region. The site has been shaped by millions of years of tectonic activity, weathering, and erosion, resulting in a diverse range of geological features.

The area is underlain by a sequence of Cretaceous sediments, including chalk, clay, and sandstone, which were deposited during the period between 100 million to 66 million years ago. The chalk formations at NCTF 135 HA are of particular interest, as they provide valuable insights into the paleoclimate and geological history of the region.

The chalk deposits at NCTF 135 HA have undergone significant diagenetic changes over time, resulting in the formation of a range of karst features. These include solution cavities, underground drainage systems, and other anomalous geology that are characteristic of the area’s Cretaceous chalk.

In addition to its geological significance, NCTF 135 HA also boasts an impressive array of geomorphological features. The site is characterized by rolling hills, valley bottoms, and numerous streams and rivers, all of which have been shaped by millions of years of fluvial and glacial activity.

The terrain at NCTF 135 HA has also been influenced by human activities over the centuries. Historical records indicate that the area was used for agricultural purposes, resulting in the creation of terracing and other forms of landscape modification.

However, it is not just human activities that have impacted the site’s geomorphology. Natural processes such as erosion and sedimentation continue to shape the landscape today, with changes occurring at a rate of about 1-2 meters per year in some areas.

The National Trust and Surrey County Council have implemented conservation efforts to protect the area’s natural habitats and biodiversity. This includes the creation of nature reserves and habitat restoration schemes, which aim to promote the recovery of native plant species and enhance the overall ecosystem health.

One notable example of these conservation efforts is the restoration of a former chalk pit, which has been rewilded to create a unique and diverse landscape feature. The pit has been planted with native vegetation, including wildflowers and grasses, which provide habitat for a range of wildlife species.

Another key aspect of the conservation strategy at NCTF 135 HA is the management of grazing pressures on the site. This involves controlling numbers of livestock to minimize the impact of grazing on the landscape and its inhabitants.

The balance between human activity and natural processes is a delicate one, and effective conservation requires careful monitoring and management. At NCTF 135 HA, the National Trust and Surrey County Council are working together to ensure that the site remains protected for future generations.

The results of these efforts have been impressive, with the site now providing a haven for wildlife such as the nightjar, woodlark, and lesser sparrowhawk. The area has also become an important location for geological research, with scientists from universities and other institutions using NCTF 135 HA to study a range of topics including fossil hunting, glacial geology, and sedimentary petrology.

Overall, the Geology of NCTF 135 HA near Merstham, Surrey, is characterized by its complex stratigraphy and geomorphology. The site’s unique geological features make it an important location for scientific research, while its natural habitats provide a haven for wildlife. Through conservation efforts, the National Trust and Surrey County Council are working to protect this valuable resource for the future.

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